Hamlet As The Tragic Hero Of The Play Hamlet - 1314 Words

In order to better understand Hamlet one must first asses, and define man. According to webster dictionary a man is a male often having the qualities associated with bravery,script or toughness(site webster dictionary www.define a man.com here). We know the male figure is known to exhibit distinctive male traits such as strength, dignity, courage and be a provider and supporter. As seen in Hamlet one must understand the male figure to better understand Hamlet and why the male behave in such ways, is it the male ego, personality, or just the male gender. Hamlet has many character flaws that interferes with his loyalty to his country, father,mother, and response to duty. Shakespere diplays Hamlet as the tragic hero of the play, he†¦show more content†¦Hamlet struggles with decisiveness. He dislike his uncle Claudis . The marriage of Hamlets mother to Claudis angers Hamlet, this plays a significant role in the character tragic flaw. This create a trust issue between Gertrude and her son Hamlet, does her loyalty lies to her husband King Claudis or to son Hamlet. Hamlet feels a lack of trust this establish a hostile relationship towards his mother now his auntie. This behavior is displayed in Act 3 scene 4 lines 10-15 Gertrude tells Hamlet fear me not, thou hast thy father much offeneded. Hamlet answers back saying mother you have my father much offended , Getrude states Have you forgot me? Hamlet responses by saying No, by the rood, not so you are the queen, your husbands brother s wife, And-would it were no so-you are my mother.Everyone knowns that mother and son bond is stronger than any bond, the conflict between mother and her child is revealed in this scene. Hamlet heart begins to hearten towards his mother the bond mother and son once shared has been destroyed by the monster Claudis refer to as a Vililian in the play by the ghost. Gertrude acceptance of King Claudis hand in marriage overwhelms Hamlet frightening him. The acceptance of an evil man deteirs her once happy relationship with Hamlet. Hamlet begins to feel like an outsider a step child in the wrong family is the attutide taken on by Hamlet towards Gertrude and Claudis. This plays a role in the tragicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hamlet as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play748 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play According to the Aristoltelian view of tragedy, a tragic hero must fall through his own error. This is typically called the tragic flaw and can be applied to any characteristic that causes the downfall of a hero. Hamlet can be seen as a aristotelian tragedy and hamlet as its tragic hero. Hamlets flaw, which in accordance with Aristotles principles of tragedy causes demise, is his inability to act. This defectRead MoreIs Hamlet A Tragic Hero Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be: a hero. That is the question often asked of William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet: whether Hamlet II, Prince of Denmark, can be considered a hero. Throughout the play Hamlet proves himself to be a hero, although different from the usual sense of one. Hamlet is a tragic hero, â€Å"a great or virtuous character . . . who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat . . . who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedyRead More Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has its own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeares plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to beRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1599 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Conley Mr. David Rasnake English 1020 November 10, 2015 Paper 3~ Tragic Hero What is tragedy? What makes someone or something a tragic hero? A tragedy is â€Å"A serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior face and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion elicits the pity or terror† (Merriam-Webster). Tragedy can be a good or a bad thing in life. Also, depending on what the tragedy is, it should have a powerful impact on our lives. A tragedy can changeRead MoreHamlet Was Not Shakespeare’S First Tragedy, Nor Would It1627 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet was not Shakespeare’s first tragedy, nor would it be his last, but it is certainly one of his most venerated for one reason in particular: Hamlet himself, the tragic hero. Not even Aristotle could have predicted that a character as complex and intricate as Hamlet would ever come into writing, although he did lay the foundation for which Hamlet could be built upon. As with most tragic heroes, where Hamlet begins in the play gives tremendous magnitude to where he eventually ends. He begins asRead MoreEssay about Greek Tragedy E xemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet1191 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Hamlet For several thousands of years, drama has existed among mankind. The ancient Greeks are accredited with the creation of drama, which began as simple religious rituals and eventually evolved into the more complex forms of tragedies and comedies. The first rules of drama, not surprisingly, were also written by a Greek--the famous philosopher and intellectual, Aristotle. Aristotle took note of the what qualities created a successful dramatic piece by observing a plethora of plays writtenRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero850 Words   |  4 Pagesas a hero if they revenge? Well In the novel Hamlet the author, William Shakespeare creates tragic events where his main character Hamlet has to overcome to achieve his goal of killing his evil uncle Claudius. â€Å"In life one has to do bad thing in order to be a hero,the hero also has to make sacrifices in order to be successful† (John Barrowman). In Shakespeare Hamlet, should hamlet be considered a tragic hero judging by him following the hero steps. Shakespeare proves that Hamlet was a tragic heroRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1252 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle claims that a tragic hero is a protagonist who evokes pity in its audience and has a tragic flaw that ultimately leads to their downfall. They must also be virtues and noble or of some importance. Like many of Shakespeare’s protagonist Hamlet is regarded by many as a tragic hero. They place him in the ranks of characters like Othello, Romeo and Antony. However, even though Hamlet shares many similarities with these characters and possess many of the attributes outlined by Aristotle, heRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero1071 Words   |  5 Pages Hamlet as a Tragic Hero The Webster dictionary defines tragedy as, â€Å"a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror.† (Webster Dictionary) So a tragic hero is a character who goes through a conflict and suffers catastrophically as a direct result of his choices. You will see throughout this story that the character Hamlet is a clear example of Shakespeare’s tragic hero. ShakespeareRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare648 Words   |  3 PagesTo be, or not to be, or maybe just to pretend to be – Hamlet - make up your mind already! Before discussing Hamlet’s hamartia, please let me say that Hamlet is one of my all-time favorite plays. Yes, it is tragic. Yes, they all fall in the end. But, good lord, what action! So, what is this shortcoming the unfortunate Hamlet possesses that brings about his undeserved end? Before discussing the frailty of this tragic hero, let us examine the word, hamartia, used by Aristotle in â€Å"The Poetics†. Hamartia

Tying Homers Iliad to Virgils Aeneid Through the Theme...

Warfare is a common thread that ties Homers Iliad to Virgils Aeneid. However, the way warfare is treated in the two epics is different. This can be attributed to many factors including the time between the composition of the pieces, the fact that pieces were written by different authors, and the fact that the pieces were written in different places. We can use these pieces to get a view of what the society that produced them thought about war and how the view of war changed as time went on in the ancient world. The Iliad is a poem of war. The entire narrative takes place at or near a battlefield with men who had been fighting a seemingly never ending war for over nine years, and portrays many many battles great and small. At the†¦show more content†¦An example of this is in Book IV when Ajax kills Simoisius. Homer says â€Å"Telamonian Ajax struck Anthemions son, the hardy stripling Simoisius, still unwed... His mother had borne him along the Simois banks when she tra iled her parents down the slopes of Ida to tend their flocks, and so they called him Simoisius.†(4.547-51) In a war that has lasted nine years where untold numbers of men have died, why would Homer take such care to tell his audience about someone like Simoisius? Perhaps because if the listener knows something about the vanquished opponent, that gives more glory to the conquering hero. Another reason could be that for the vanquished in death they receive some measure of glory for fighting bravely against a famous hero like Ajax. Another place we see this emphasis on glory when Hector returns to Troy in Book VI. Hectors wife Andromache begs him to take his armies and make his stand near a fig tree close to the walls of Troy.(6.511-20) While Andromaches advice may be tactically sound, Hector refuses her by saying â€Å"Ive learned it all too well. To stand up bravely, always to fight in the front ranks of Trojan soldiers, winning my father great glory, glory for myself.à ¢â‚¬ (6.527-29) The overwhelming desire for glory takes precedence over proper military tactics in this situation. While Homer gives great weight to the

Strategy Formulation Organizations that Would Benefit

Question: Discuss about the Strategy Formulation and the Organizations that Would Benefit from the Idea. Answer: Introduction: The world of business comprises multiple organizations that are given the responsibilities of executing their strategy. However, most organizations lack an understanding of what are strategies. Most of the strategies statements by these groups are the organizational goals, objectives, tactics and even descriptions of the organizational task. (Grant Jordan, 2015) Strategies are often confused with goals. However, strategies could refer to the means by which to achieve the goals. A plan involves coordination of the various resources in the right place all to work towards achieving the set goal. The most organizations are in the process of formulating the policies. A good strategy for any organization is one that analyzes the business environment which the company is developed (Geneva, 2015). Once the situation is examined there is the recognition of a gap in the firm line that would lead to the development of some uniqueness from the competitors. The business resources are then analyz ed and used to measure the capability of the company to sustain the new business strategy. The policy should be aimed at producing a continued uniqueness throughout the lifetime of the firm. Therefore, it should be sustainable within the available resources. This means in the strategy development there has to be a plan that will ensure that the business will be able to maintain the uniqueness in the years to come. For a strategy to be termed as sound, the role of time is very crucial. The correct timing is required to ensure that the strategy is working in the best way possible. Wrong timing would be fatal to the whole idea. Strategies can take different forms depending on how they are formulated and the stage at which they are formed. Others are established during the time of operation; others forecast events to be done in the future while others are realized during the brainstorming of ideas (Slack Lewis, 2015). The organization that would benefit from this idea of strategy formulation is those organizations dealing with the massive production of goods (Ghemawat Siegel, 2014). This could include an organization like the General Motors which is involved in the mass production of cars. The information about the formulation of a long-term strategy would be of benefit. Taking the case study of IKEA, the General Motors Company can borrow the strategy and employ it in their organization, and this will help in reducing the shipping cost of the products. The development of a sound strategy by this company would mean that the organization will be able to save much of its costs, and this will be reflected in the profits. A business strategy should also be guarded against the competitors. Therefore, a sound strategy will help the organization to be placed in a better position in the phase of the competition. The strategy should be difficult to imitate and should be kept along with the major trade secr ets of the organization (Tracy, 2015). The plan is developed internally and should remain internal to the business. This will help General Motors company to have protection over their products and prevent the loss or leakage of this information to other organizations. CAGE Framework CAGE framework of evaluation of international trade defines the business relationship between two countries that have similarity in the cultural, political, geographical and economic differences. (STOBER, 2014) In this framework, the distance is seen to be the primary factor influencing the trade between nations. This distance is measured in the four different perspectives and is used to define the interactions. The interactions are said to be influenced along the four top factors serving as necessary things to consider in trade. For instance, when two nations share a common border they are likely to purchase more, unlike countries that are located far away. When there are two countries with the same economic power such that the level of development is almost equal, then the standard of interaction in financial terms will be high. There is also a significant cultural interaction between the trading countries. There are some cultures consider other factors to be immoral or unethical. This will result in minimized interaction with those countries that are involved with the product. Political or administrative influence plays a significant role in international trade. Therefore, if there are understandings between the two nations that are trading then the business will be enhanced. This is opposed to the countries that are located in the same border and lack administrative stability (Miloloza, 2015). Traders tend to shy away from areas that are not stable due to the fear of the risk involved in the trade that could lead to significant losses. An organization that would benefit from the CAGE framework is the multinational corporations such as Holiday Inn; long chain hotels. It is because they conduct their business across the borders and therefore having an understanding of this framework will help in choosing the destinations in which to establish their branches. There is a need to understand the culture of the people for instance for them to accept the trade to be conducted in their region (Thomas Hutzschenreuter Affiliation: WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management Ingo Kleindienst Affiliation: Aarhus University, 2016). Introducing something foreign in a foreign destination will result in rejection of the business and lead to reduced performance. There is also need to understand the administrative requirements of the destination before establishing the new branch, and this will serve best to meet the trade regulations. The other important aspect to be put into consideration is the need to understand the location of the business. If the other nation is located far away, geographically there will be cost implications that will result from the distance factor, and therefore this will discourage the trade with that country. The cost implications are also dependent on the level of economic development, and therefore the trading interaction between two nations with the same economic development level will be more attractive to the traders than it would be in the case of differences in economic development (Geneva, 2015). This framework would work best for the long chains of hotels since they are expanding each day to new nations. There is need to know the levels of interaction between the two countries. References Ghemawat, P., Siegel, J. I. (2011). Cases about redefining global strategy. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Pub. Grant, R. M., Jordan, J. (2015). Foundations of strategy (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley. Miloloza, H. (2015). Differences between Croatia and EU Candidate Countries: the CAGE Distance Framework. Society for promotion of business information technology. Slack, N., Lewis, M. (2015). Operations strategy (3rd ed.). Harlow, England ; New York : Pearson,. Stober, E. O. (2011). CAGE Analysis of Chinas Trade Globalization. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies , v6 (n1), 39-54. strategy, R. L. (2015). Robert Ludlum's the Geneva strategy (First edition ed.). New York : Grand Central Publishing. Thomas Hutzschenreuter Affiliation: WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, B. 2., Ingo Kleindienst Affiliation: Aarhus University, D. o. (2016). The Concept of Distance in International Business Research: A Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews , v18 (n2), 160-179. Tracy, B. (2015). Business strategy. New York : American Management Association.

Thursdays Concert Essays - Surf Culture, Ukulele, Pan Flute

Thursday's Concert Thursday we had an Andean concert. Condor Conspiracy, a five member group, played. Two of the members have played for us before. The group played a variety of instruments like the bomba, the flute, the armadillo ukulele and the pan pipes. The songs they played were very simple, and almost even boring. It was earthy sounding. The songs sounded a little like hippie music. However, I appreciated that they did tell us the name of each song, and provided background information, which keeps me interested and helps hold my attention. For example, the armadillo ukulele is the only instrument with a minor tuning. Also, the pan pipes are tuned by dropping lentils one by one in the pipes. My favorite part of the concert was the rain forest song. It imitated the rain forest throughout the day, starting out quiet, growing slowly, and ending quiet again. One instrument started, and they added more one by one, then back slowly to the original instrument. In conclusion, I enjoyed the concert. It wasn't as great as some of the other concerts we've had this year, but it was interesting. I guess I'm just not a big Andean music fan. Music Essays

Isolation of Microorganisms from Environmental Samples Essays

Isolation of Microorganisms from Environmental Samples Essays Isolation of Microorganisms from Environmental Samples Paper Isolation of Microorganisms from Environmental Samples Paper It is crucial in the field of microbiology to study the morphology, biological activity, and the behavior of microbes thus the isolation of such microbes from the environment is necessary because it allows scientists to study them in close proximity. Microbial life forms are found everywhere. They are major players in biochemical cycling of elements and primary producers in numerous environments. There are also some microbes living inside higher forms of organisms that aid in digestion and provide vitamins. Some scribes can also be antagonistic or harmful to humans, and when scientists isolate them, they can study and identify ways on how to counteract the microbes harmful effects. This exercise aims to isolate microorganisms from a variety of environmental samples and to enumerate the different microbial species observed. Methodology Rest Its and Discussion Bacteria, molds and yeast have different colony morphologies and characteristics that are specific to the genus and species of the organism. Bacterial colonies can be classified by color, form, elevation, margin, opacity ND size. Mold and yeast colonies can be classified and described by their color, texture, feature on the reverse side and more. Also, the source from which the bacteria samples were gathered should be taken into consideration. In the experiment, the microorganisms that were isolated were gathered and collected from the environment. As such, only h strength AN was prepared along with the SAD. It was observed on the AN plates that there were multiple bacterial colonies formed that did not differ so much in color or elevation. Most colonies were white or a color that is just as light, like yellow or salmon pink. The sizes of the isolated colonies are relatively small, most just less than 1 mm in diameter. The AN plate in which bacterial colonies were numerous was on the ones exposed in air that is outside the laboratory. The fewest were the ones that were swabbed on the skin. There were also colony growths on the AN plates that were not bacterial colonies. It was observed on the SAD plates that most of the molds and yeast that grew were cottony in appearance and had a wrinkled reverse side.

Deplete

Deplete Deplete Deplete By Maeve Maddox A reader questions the following use of depleting: The following headline appeared in Jamaicas leading newspaper today: My Savings are depleting. What am I doing wrong? The reader suggests changing â€Å"My savings are depleting† to â€Å"My savings are being depleted.† Like the reader, I thought the headline sounded wrong. â€Å"Savings are being depleted† sounds more idiomatic to my ear than â€Å"savings are depleting,† but I would have changed deplete to a different verb entirely: â€Å"My savings are diminishing† or â€Å"My savings are running out.† Deplete is from the Latin verb deplere. The de- is a negative prefix added to the verb plere, â€Å"to fill.† Deplere is â€Å"to bring down or undo the fullness of, to empty out.† It can also mean, â€Å"to let blood.† The intransitive use of deplete in the sense of â€Å"running out† or â€Å"becoming exhausted† appears frequently in environmental contexts with subject words like supplies and resources: Groundwater  supplies are depleting  at rapid rates around the world. More water is being taken out than put back in by natural replenishment (recharge), and supplies are depleting  as a result. The worlds  resources are depleting  because of a population that is out of control.   Although frequent in officialese, this intransitive use sounds odd to me. More idiomatic is to follow deplete with an object, as in these examples: My husbands  lack of employment is  depleting our  lifes savings. That section [of a law] limits the production and consumption of a set of chemicals known to  deplete  the stratospheric ozone. Charter  schools  severely  deplete  the resources  available  to the existing public schools. The following examples would be improved by substituting diminishing or running out for depleting: This [dog] is currently in Chicago with a trainer getting evaluated and learning some more manners but that time is depleting and she is needing a home not the shelter to go back to. I found  my patience depleting  by the minute.   My health is failing and  my friends are depleting. Perhaps some writers or speakers choose deplete in an attempt to avoid a clichà ©, but sometimes a clichà © is less distracting than the unfamiliar use of a word. For example, time is usually said to â€Å"run out.† Patience â€Å"wears thin.† As one grows old, â€Å"friends pass away.† Sometimes deplete is the wrong choice entirely, as in this comment on a site about dental care: It seems my gums are  depleting. Deplete connotes an emptying out of an exhaustible quantity. Gums recede, but they don’t deplete. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At50 Types of Propaganda13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

Business ethic homework 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business ethic homework 2 - Essay Example hical principle of deontology which states that actions as well as decisions can be regarded as ethical or morally correct if the maxim which refers to the intention as well as the reason of that particular act or decision is based on doing well to the society (Shaw 66). One of the critics of Kant’s ethical theory is that not all actions are considered ethical or legal in all regions, actions are considered as ethical or unethical depending on where they occur. 3. The two ways through which Kant believes that categorical imperative can be formulated is that while an individual takes an action, the reason behind that particular action should be that he/she is ready to face the same action when it is carried out against him in same or any other situation (Hayden 18). The second way of formulating the categorical imperative is that people should take actions while considering other individuals as ends and not simply considering them as means to achieve

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch - Research Paper Example Though they are known by many different names, including flight dispatcher, airline dispatcher, flight superintendent, or even flight controller, the job description essentially remains the same: ensure compliance with all applicable regulations and the pursuit of the highest possible levels of safety (â€Å"Airline dispatcher federation†, 2011). The job of an aircraft dispatcher is covered in the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) in several areas, namely FAR Part 121 and FAR Part 65, both under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). FAR Part 121 covers Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations, while FAR Part 65 covers Certification and Eligibility Requirements (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Simply put, these sections of the Federal Aviation Regulations ensure that an airline dispatcher has the proper training and certification to do their job, as well as adhering to duty-time requirements w hile on the job, to prevent overtiredness and accidents. These regulations also cover the overall requirement of having enough dispatchers in the dispatch centers to handle all of the flights, so that no one dispatcher feels overwhelmed and unable to do their job. FAR Part 65, Subpart C, completely covers the eligibility and certificate requirements that any person wishing to become an aircraft dispatcher must complete. The requirements include criteria such as an age requirement of 23 years, the ability to speak and understand English, and passing both knowledge and practical tests. These tests must be completed after a certification course that consists of 200 hours of training, though previous experience may be submitted to cover part or all of the hours (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). It also plainly states that no person may serve in the capacity of airline dispatcher without said completion certificate, and must present that certificate upon the request of numerous pers onnel (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). These regulations enable the airlines to work in conjunction with certified, capable individuals, helping the aircraft dispatcher to do their job by ensuring that they have the proper training and certification to complete it adequately. The safety of numerous passengers flying on the airlines that are the responsibility of the dispatcher are not to be taken lightly, and indeed, the dispatchers pledge to uphold safety as much as the pilots. Therefore, having these training and eligibility requirements help to ensure that the job and what it entails is taken seriously. FAR Part 121, Subpart M: Airmen and Crewmember Requirements, also applies to aircraft dispatchers. FAR  §121.395, in fact, covers dispatch centers, stating that enough qualified dispatchers must be working to ensure proper operational control of aircraft (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Without this regulation, a flight load could easily slip into the chaos of an und erstaffed and overworked dispatch center, causing costly losses of life and aircraft. Given the fact that downsizing has become popular, it is a relief to know that dispatchers are aided by this regulation, as enough of them must be working to reasonably handle a typical daily flight load for an airline. FAR Part 121 does not stop there in covering airline dispatchers. In Subpart P: Aircraft Dispatcher Qualifications and Duty Time,

Introduction to Computer Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Computer Information Systems Essay Computer software is no longer a major barrier to widespread use of wireless information systems. Introduction To know about the connection of these topics it is must to know about the link between these phrases as well as the basic concept of these two. Firstly, to know what is computer software and wireless Information systems and then secondly to discuss their effects upon each other. Computer software is basically some programs or events that are written just to achieve certain functions by the software engineers. Events are the set of steps that are written and combined to make a program. Now there arises a question that what is a program then the answer of this question is that: Programs are basically a set of rules and instructions on the basis of which a computer act to achieve certain functions. To perform a specific set of actions on computers intelligently or normally is the basic need to write a program. Wireless Information systems are basically the systems that used wirelessly. What is â€Å"Wireless† and why and how question arises then? â€Å"Wireless†, as its name, shows that it means some sort of transport of data and information among wireless devices without using wires. It can be used in form of mobiles, PDA’s, and on large scale â€Å"Radio† is the example of it. Wireless information systems can be the range of mobiles, wireless devices, and networks. The device used for it is basically a device that is installed first and then it can be used. (Wireless network and information processing system, 2008) Certain Dependencies In case of Wireless information systems, there are certain dependencies. Among those dependencies some of them are very basic and are: the mobility of the user mobility of the resource Explanation These dependencies can be differentiated in a way that in case of user mobility it can be in the form of traveling user whereas the case with the second dependency is that a network if created among multiple PDA’s and now in this case, if the PDA’s are moving. Along with this dependency, there is certain other as well. Just to be a focus on the actual behavior of the wireless and then wireless information systems only two are mentioned here to emphasize the main and important factors affecting the wireless in general. Important features to consider about There are certain tendencies that are important to know about these systems. According to these, Information systems have to develop first. While developing these systems a software engineer needs to know the protocols (specific rules of dealing on networks) and standard to follow up on them and then to develop finally (Feldman, 2007). There are certain standards that need to follow while considering wireless. In this way, there appears a need to select a standard according to the type of wireless information system. Those standards are as follows: IEE802.11 IEE802.11a IEE802.11b IEE802.11g IEE802.16 IEE802.16a Open Air Home based Blue tooth based Discussion After implementation of these steps, architecture to develop a software program is required. When these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly in real time. If an architecture of software program is designed in such a way that it is safe for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then an information system can work well. If there are leaks in the design and programming tactics and technology implementation then there would be a lot of leak in the system as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way, it can say that software programs that developed to resolve a problem need attention in all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is reliable and portable, efficient and of strong functionality then fulfill the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless informa tion systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real-time and gather a lot of security risks. That’s why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better results. The use of wireless information systems is beneficial for the companies and organization in various ways, first of all, it is accessible in minimum resources. It reduces the time and mobility issues problem and enhances the productivity of the organization in this regard.(Wireless Networking in the developing world session 2007) The use of wireless management systems can improve the effectiveness of applying multiple procedures. An output of these procedures when resulted in a good form then increased or enhanced the productivity of the organization in a fast manner. Well, reputed industries, companies, and organizations are referring towards these wireless information systems that are very fast growing. Along with all this, there are still new advancements are just coming on the way to increase the quality of the projects or to attain the benefits of the technologies as much as it can be. References Phillip M. Feldman (2007), Emerging Commercial Mobile Wireless Technology and Standards Suitable for the Army: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR960/index.htmlWireless network and information processing system, (2008), Wireless network and information processing system, 2008: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7433699.htmlWireless networking in the developing world session (2007), Wireless networking in the developing world session, Wireless Network: http://wirelesssummit.org/content/cwns-and-developing-world

Body Image Portrayed by the Media Essay -- essays research papers

Through the use of imagery, the display of life-styles, and the reinforcement of values, advertisements are communicators of culturally defined concepts such as success, worth, love, sexuality, popularity, and normalcy. Of particular concern over the past two decades has been excessive use of sexual stereotypes, especially of women. Women are directly affected by this advertising, beyond the mere desire to purchase the product or service described. The influence of the media on people is tremendous, and the effect of advertisements that direct images of beauty, and the perfect slim figure have a harmful effect on a great deal of the world's population, especially women. The media has portrayed the â€Å"perfect body image† so successfully, that women’s self-image, self-esteem and even their health is affected. Looking at the media, it’s almost impossible to ignore the many images of thin, beautiful women. In many women’s magazines, nearly every other page is covered with an advertisement that displays a person with the â€Å"ideal body†, a slim figure, a happy face, and trendy or chic clothes. Most of the advertisements in magazines try to present models as realistic representations for consumers, particularly women, to compare themselves. Not only do magazines try to portray the â€Å"perfect image,† but also television advertisements try to achieve this representation of the perfect body. Television broadcasts events and shows like â€Å"Miss America,† and â€Å"Baywatch† that represent unrealistic body types for ordinary women. To accomplish the goal of looking like the models being displayed all over the media, women think they need to diet. If it was dieting just for the fact of making women feel better, it would be all right, but the purpose of most people is different. When women compare themselves to models and pictures of people in advertisements, they believe the only way they will get noticed i s if they also appear the in the same image of the models. To achieve this goal, they begin to starve themselves. They start to believe that by eating anything at all they will get fat and the most important thing to them is not to be fat. It becomes a compulsion to become thin and some women will do anything to get there. Women need to realize that what the media displays as the â€Å"perfect body† and what really is the healthy body are two different things. Even if a woman does get d... ...haracters in the show are the â€Å"fat ugly guy and fat ugly lady† who live across the street and are objects of constant ridicule. The same can be said for virtually all mainstream shows on television. It is a continual barrage of beautiful people that are exposed to viewers. Unfortunately, it is becoming accepted that society should indeed look like television actors. There is essentially no one in this medium saying that it is okay to be oneself, to look how women want to look and feel good at the same time. What society must do is tell the beauty industry, tell the magazines, and tell Hollywood that what they are doing is not acceptable. The image they portray is unrealistic, unhealthy, and irresponsible. However, it is unlikely that the beauty industry will loosen its grip on the minds of women and try so hard to make them think they are ugly. That would of course hurt sales and cause them to make only millions instead of billions of dollars. It is also improbable th at Hollywood will break perhaps its only rule, because that too would disrupt the bottom line. So, for the time being anyway, we are a society being told how to look, and trying to live up to an impossible standard.

Is There One Best Way to Structure an Organization? Essay

Organization is always an efficient way to achieve the goals since ancient time, high productivity with lowest input which is an important characteristic of it. Well-organized is a common ambition for every administrator. Therefore it is a primary task for managers to find out a most suitable structure for the company which can maximize the organization performance. Currently, many researchers are seeking for the relationships between an organizational structure and performance in order to adopt a best structure. However, base on contingency theory, a large number of researches proves that the optimal organizational structure depends on the strategy and among other factors (Pertusa-Ortega et al, 2010). The purpose of this essay is to explain that organizational structures are variable, which can be influenced by the scale, strategy and the operation technology of the business. Firstly, the size of a business is an important factor which could determine how an organization is structured; there are many different ways to manage a company according to the disparate capacity, number of personnel, and output of the business. Base on the studies from the Aston and National, both of them support this argument by finding there is a strong relationship between the size of the company and its structure variables (Cited in John Child, 1973). Thus, different structures are needed to administrate companies with different size. According to John Child (1973), specialization, documentation, standardized behavior, hierarchy, and a decentralization of decision making, are the core characteristics of the large companies, which could support the companies to make a decision accurately and efficiently as the power of decision-making are dispersive, the employers in big companies such as Telstra, Woolworth, could not supervise every employees simultaneously and could not make every decision for the company either. Therefore, tall structure is accepted widely in large businesses as everyone could be supervised. However, small business like local cafeteria and franchisee of McDonald, are more likely to use a flat structure to achieve well-organized, the employers could make every decision for the business as the centralization of making decisions and could supervise every workers as well due to a small number of employees. However, the correlation between two companies with disparate size are not linear, when the business has grown and achieved a certain size, the influence from size to structure is gradually reduced as large businesses are already mechanistic enough. Thus, size has a noticeable influence on the organizational structure; managers should determine an optimal framework which most fit the company to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the outcomes. Furthermore, strategy of the company is an essential factor for choosing an appropriate way to structure an organization. Strategic management which relates the future performance of a company, mangers should imply an appropriate strategy to gain the competitive advantages, to help themselves to compete against other competitors and to increase their market share. Different companies need different strategies to survive themselves to be profitable businesses. Chandler and other researchers state that the alteration of a strategy will leads to a change in organizational structure so that the development of strategy could be sufficient and a better profitability reached (Cited in Pertusa-Ortega et al, 2010). For example, for a manufacture, its strategy is to improve productivity with lower resource, therefore the structure of mechanistic is most suitable, which is high specialization, low cost and more efficiency, products can be produced with minimum time when this structure is implie. In contract, Pertusa-Ortega and other researchers claim that an organic structure is an optimal choice for firms which facing the dynamic context, thus, it needs to constantly change the productions and this flexible structure could make it easier to improve the products (2010), such as Google. The Cubic Contingency Model which consists of three strategies: local responsiveness, global integration and foreign product diversification and across other nine structures, 27 strategy-structure fits are turned out. This model is a comprehensive tool to provide useful information to managers to imply the best fitting structure base on their strategic choice (Qiu & Donaldson, 2010). Approximately 85% of these strategy-structure fits are supported by a German Multinational Corporations study, which could prove that strategy is an element to push structure to change to improve the performance. Additionally, economic environment has a strong relationship to the variables of organizational structure. The research to measure the relation between the perceived environmental uncertainty and the various organizational structures by Gordon and Narayanan (1984), they claims that the fluctuation of the economic environment has a dramatically correlation between how an organization be structured. When there is a high uncertain of environment, managers should imply a structure which could minimize the threatens of the uncertainty, and also should be flexible and adoptive enough to allow the products to change as required by the market, organic structure which is a most fitting framework for business to face the unstable environment as it could rapidly respond to the market uncertainty, it could reduce or increase the quantity of the products in a short time. On the other hand, when facing a lower environment uncertainty, mechanistic form is more tend to be effective and efficient, because the requirements of changing the products are less, this structure could help to improve the productivity. Stinchcombe suggests that environmental conditions are not only determine the particular goods or service that company should produced, moreover, it also determine the features of organization should be created to follow the market requirements (cited in Miles et al, 1974). Organizational structure should change in accordance with the various environments, so that the companies can produce the quantity and quality of the goods or services that the market required. In conclusion, this essay explains that organizational structure is contingent and it is very sensitive that could be affected by size, environment, and strategy. Forms of organization should be altered to improve performance and meet the requirements of external. Managers should choose an appreciate way to administrate the company by considering these elements. However, it is a challenge for decision makers to design an organization; managers should make sure that the new structure is sustainable and the employees are well-connected with each other. Child, J. (1973). Administrative Science Quarterly. Predicting and understanding of organization structure. Vol.18(2): 168-185. Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Molian-Azorin, J.F,;Claver-Cortes,E.(2010). Competitive strategy, structure and firm performance. A comparison of the resource –based view and the contingency approach. Management Decision. Vol.48(7-8):1282-1303. Qiu,J. & Donaldson, L. (2010). â€Å"The Cubic Contingency Model: Towards a more comprehensive international strategy-structure model.† Journal of General Management, 36(1): 81-100. Miles, R.E., Sown, C.C. and Pfeffer, F. (1974), Organizational –Environment: Concepts and issues. Industrial relations, Vol.13(3):244-264. Gordon, L.A. and Narayanan, V.K. (1984), management accounting systems, perceived environmental uncertainty and organizational structure: an empirical investigation, Accounting, Organizational and Society. Vol.9, No.1, pp33-47.

Srs of Library Membership System

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION (SRS) for the System Name UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM Prepared For: MDM NOR AZLIANA AKMAL JAMALUDIN Prepared By: MOHAMAD HAFIZ BIN MOHAMAD NOOR 4111017111 LOGGESWARAN SINNAIH4111009881 MUHAMMAD ABDUL HAKIM BIN ZAINI 4111022751 SYED AHMAD RIDHWAN BIN SYED MOKHTAR 4111023651 Authenticated by __________________Approved by__________________ Date ___________________Date __________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Scope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1. 1 IDENTIFICATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 2 Module overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 3 Document Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. 4 R elationship to other plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 2. reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. 1 Government Documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 2. 2 Non-Government Documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 2. 3 Contractual documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 2. 4 Non-contractual document†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 7 3. Engineering Document †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 3. 1 System Context Diagram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. 1. 1 Unisel library Membership System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3. 1. 1. 1 Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 1. 1. 2 Association†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 1. 1. 3 Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 1. 1. 4 Association†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 2 General System Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 3. 2. 1 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_001)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 1 3. 2. 1. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 2 3. 2. 1. 2Characteristic of Acti vation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 3 3. 2. 1. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4 3. 2. 1. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 5 3. 2. 1. 5Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 3. 2. 2 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_002)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 6 3. 2. 2. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 7 3. 2. 2. 2Characteristic of Activation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 8 3. 2. 2. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 9 3. 2. 2. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 10 3. 2. 2. 5Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 3. 2. 3 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_003) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 11 3. 2. 3. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 15 12 3. 2. 3. 2Characteristic of Activation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 13 3. 2. 3. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 14 3. 2. 3. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 15 3. 2. 3. Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 3. 2. 4 Use Case Name 1 (SRS_REQ1_004)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 16 3. 2. 4. 1Brief Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 17 3. 2. 4. 2Characteristic of Activation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 18 3. 2. 4. 3Pre-Condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 19 3. 2. 4. 4Basic Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 20 3. 2. 4. 5Alternative Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 3. 3 Exception Flow †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 3. 3. 1 Post condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 3. 3. 2 Rules (s) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 3. 3. 3 Constraint (s) .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 3. 3. 4 Note (s) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 4. Gui †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 3. 4. 1 Main Screen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 3. 4. 2 Registration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 3. 4. 3 Logging in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 3. 4. 4 About us page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 3. 4. 5 Database page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 3. 5CSCI Internal Interfaces †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 3. 6 Module data element requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 3. 7 Adaptation Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 3. 8 Sizing and Timing Requirements†¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 3. 9Safety Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 4. 0Requirements Traceability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 4. preparation for delivery †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 26 5. Note †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 1SCOPE 1 1. 11. 1 Identification System Number : 01-02-022-R0-2006-03 System Name: UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM System Abbreviation: 01-02-022-R0 Module Number: 01-02-022-R0-2006-03 Module Name: UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP Module Abbreviation: 01- 02-022-R0 2 1. 21. 2 Module OverviewThis paragraph describes the purpose of the system and the module to which this SRS applies. Purpose of the Unisel Library Membership System: The main purpose of the system is to make the registration process and book borrowing process easier. Purpose of the Unisel Library Membership System: 1. Online registration -Students can make registration from their place without going to the library. They can go to the online library page and key in their information and register themselves. 2. Information about the library -The main page of the system contains the information about the library and also the information about the system.It also contains the procedures for borrowing the book from the library. 3. Administrator login -This page is the login page for the Administrators. There is place to enter â€Å"username†, â€Å"password† and a â€Å"login† button. Once they enter the username and password correctly, the system will dir ect them to another page. 4. Student database -This is the database page that contains all the registered student's information. This page contains student's name, id, race, course, religion, password, email, address, membership type, and faculty. 3 1. 31. 3 Document OverviewThis document describes the interaction between the actors with the module Unisel Library Membership System. Analysis of the requirements applying to Unisel Library Membership System relies on an OOAD UML notation using the Rational Rose 2000 tool. Certain elements resulting from this analysis are presented in this document. Chapter 1:Scope Chapter 2:Referenced Documents Chapter 3:Engineering Requirements Chapter 4: Qualification Requirements Chapter 5: Preparation for Delivery Chapter 6:Notes 4 1. 41. 4 Relationship to other plans Not applicable. 2REFERENCE DOCUMENTThe following documents, for which the exact is indicated, form part of the specification as far as everything specified hereafter is concerned. In the event of a discrepancy between the documents referred to here and the content of this specification, it is the content of the specification, which should be considered to be the background reference. Copies of specifications, standards, drawings and publications requested by suppliers in contact with the specified supplying functions may be obtained by contacting the contracting agency or directly through the contracting office. 1 2. 12. 1 Government DocumentsNot applicable. 2 2. 22. 2 Non-Government Documents |[1] |Sommerville Software Engineering | |[2] |System Requirement Study | | | | 3 2. 3 Contractual documents Not applicable. 4 2. 42. 4 Non-contractual document Not applicable. 3ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS 1 3. 13. 1 System Context Diagram Figure 1: Context Diagram Figure 2: Use Case DiagramFigure 2 System Flow 3. 1. 1Unisel Library Membership System System Interface Identification: System Administrator Interface Type: Person 3. 1. 1. 1 Description The System Administrator is an actor who responsible for managing Unisel Library Membership System. He / She will manage the users and contents of Unisel Library Membership System. 3. 1. 1. 2 Association This actor communicates with all of the use cases. Interface Identification: Normal User Interface Type: Person (Student) 3. 1. 1. 3 Description Normal User are the students, they can only use â€Å"Main Page†, â€Å"Registration Page† and also the â€Å"Book Borrowing Page†. . 1. 1. 4 Association This actor communicates with the following use cases : 1. visit main page 2. register – normal user can register 3. using the system – normal user use the system only for borrowing 2 3. 2 3. 2General System Requirements 3. 2 HAHH STUDENT Figure 2: Use Case 3. 2. 3Use Case Name3 (SRS_REQ1_001) Eg: Figure 5: Use Case Registration diagram 1 3. 2. 3. 1Brief Description Student must complete the form and click submit if the form has been completed. We have fill in to register as a lib rary member. 2 3. 2. 3. 2Characteristic of ActivationStudents must register first before using the system library, personal information should be stored in the system. 3 3. 2. 3. 3Pre-Condition 4 1. System displays registration button. (SRS_REQ1_003) 5 3. 2. 3. 4Basic Flow 1. This use case begins when the first register. 2. Registration display system that includes the following options: A-1: We have text box for name, id, race, course, religion, password, email and address. After insert detail click submit button to submit the form after completely fill in the form. 3. The use case ends. 7 3. 2. 3. 5Alternative Flow Not applicable. 3. 2. 1Use Case Name1 (SRS_REQ1_002) Eg: Figure 3: Use Case Main Screen diagram 1 3. 2. 1. 1Brief Description The main screen is a main page about the online registration for the library. The main page have a button home, about us and registration. 2 3. 2. 1. 2Characteristic of Activation User must register and enter the password and the email address or Id card. 3 3. 2. 1. 3Pre-Condition 1. System displays user or person menu. (SRS_REQ1_001) 2. User can't access Administration page. (SRS_REQ1_001) 4 3. 2. 1. 4Basic Flow 1.This use case begins when the user has registered information on the first page. 2. System display home, about us and registration which including the following options: – Additional buttons are about us and registration to assist the customers. 3. The use case ends. 5 3. 2. 1. 5Alternative Flow A-1: Selects Add New library system button 1. Information such as the button for the contact information should be added in the future. (SRS_REQ1_001) 2. The use case continues. A-2: Selects contact information button 1. users can contact if there any problems. 3. 2. 2Use Case Name2 (SRS_REQ1_003)Eg: Figure 4: Use Case about us diagram 1 2 3. 2. 2. 1Brief Description These pages show the library system database. This database shows information about students who have registered to become library members. 3 3. 2. 2. 2Characteristic of Activation The name, id, race, course, religion, password, email, and address, membership type and faculty. 4 3. 2. 2. 3Pre-Condition 5 1. Admin allows to check the details of the information. Unisel library system shows the table that contains the record of all students that are member of the library. Present a form to the admin to allow him to search the record of the students. SRS_REQ1_102) 6 3. 2. 2. 4Basic Flow 1. This use case is begin when the admin click the database page [A-1: Actor select the search bar to view the student database] 2. System display the student information who have registered [A-1: Actor select to view according to name, id, race, course, religion, password, email, and address, membership type and faculty] 3 . The use case ends. A-1: Not applicable. 1. The use case ends. 7 3. 2. 2. 5Alternative Flow [A-1: Actor selects delete] 1. System displays the delete button [A-2: Actor selects menu box button] 2. The use case continuesA-2: Actor selects home button 1. System goes back to previous screen. 3. 2. 4Use Case Name4 (SRS_REQ1_004) Eg: Figure 6: Use Case Admin diagram 1 3. 2. 4. 1Brief Description Only admin can check and updates the record information . 2 3. 2. 4. 2Characteristic of Activation Admin can open the data and check the information through the database. 3 3. 2. 4. 3Pre-Condition 1. System displays Administration menu. (SRS_REQ1_004) 2. User has privilege to access Administration page. (SRS_REQ1_004) 4 3. 2. 4. 4Basic Flow 1. This use case is begin when check the information through the database 2.System display admin which including the following options: A-1: Admin can login in admin panel and insert username and password to check the data. 3. The use case ends. 5 3. 2. 4. 5Alternative Flow Not applicable. 6 7 3. 3 Exception Flow †¢ Error massage will appear in registration information could not continue if the information is incomplete. †¢ Error massage will appear to enter the email and pas sword information is wrong. †¢ Error massage will appear when the information is already used. 8 3. 3. 1Post Condition(s) †¢ The system are successful. 9 10 3. 3. Rules(s) †¢ Users not allowed to access the database system. †¢ The register form must be complete before proceed. †¢ Users can access the system anytime. †¢ System can use by all students at UNISEL. 11 3. 3. 3Constraint(s) 12 †¢ Users must knowledgeable about this system before use it. †¢ If form not completed, user cannot submit the form. †¢ User must have id number to log in this system. †¢ The information of all the users must be stored in a database that is accessible by the Online Library System. †¢ The university information security system must be compatible with the Internet applications. The users access the Online Library System from any computer that has Internet browsing capabilities and an Internet connection. †¢ The billing system is connected to th e Online Library System and the database used by the billing system must be compatible with the interface of the Online Library System 13 3. 3. 4Note(s) 14 †¢ Users can browse to see the books existing currently in the library via online access. †¢ System can update all new information about the university. †¢ System can display the charge fines imposed for late return of books. 1 3. 4 GUI 1) Main ScreenIn the main page users are able to: I. Do Registration. II. Logging in. III. View information about the library. [pic] Figure 7 : Main Screen 2) Registration I. Click on the button Register. II. Registration page. [pic] Figure 8 : Registration page III. Fill in name, id, race, course, religion, password, Email, address and choose the membership type. IV. Click to submit button (to be complete the registration). 3) Logging in. I. User must type a user name and password to log in the system II. Click the button â€Å"login† to access the system [pic] Figure 9 : Lo gging in page III. About us page [pic]Figure 10 : about us page 1. On this page it tells the story of rooms available to fine reading materials and system. 2. It also a story about the library system IV. Database page [pic] Figure 11 : Database page I. This database show information of about student who have registered to become library members. II. Admin allow to check the details of information . III. They also can edit and delete it. 3. 5CSCI Internal Interfaces 3. 5. 1Main Class Diagram 1 1.. * 10.. * 10.. * 3. 6Module Data Element Requirements This paragraph identifies the interfaces between the capabilities identified above.In this case, this means that we give the main activity, the list of the classes, the received and sent messages of each class according to an object-oriented viewpoint. 3 3. 53. 7 Adaptation Requirements Not applicable. 4 3. 63. 8Sizing and Timing Requirements |ITEM |INPUT |DESCRIPTION |OUTPUT | | |Username and password |Session will expire if the |System logged out automatically | |20 seconds | |system is idle for 30 minutes | |Table 1: Time Requirements Description 5 3. 73. 9Safety Requirements |ITEM |INPUT |DESCRIPTION |OUTPUT | | | |Insert the wrong id all |System reset all information | |Error |Register |information will be deleted and |automatically | | | |can't process. | | Table 2 : Safety Requirements 3. 9Requirements Traceability |No |Requirement No. |Description | |1. |SRS_REQ1_001 |System displays Registration | |2. |SRS_REQ1_002 |System displays Main Screen | |3. |SRS_REQ1_003 |System displays Database | |4. SRS_REQ1_004 |System displays Record Information | Table 3: Unisel Library Membership System Use Case Requirements Traceability 4PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY The delivery of documents will be delivered in the following formats: File format:MS Word (. doc) Submission formats:Hardcopy Quantity:1 each 5NOTES Abbreviation used: – CSCIComputer Software Configuration Item – CSCComputer Software Component †“ CSUComputer Software unit 3. 8 2 3. 10 [pic] ———————– Admin e-Document Student Unisel Library Membership System Registration online and Web Information Main screen User Home Registration About us Complete Form Submit Form Database Login Login Page Admin Registration Main Screen STUDENT DATABASE RECORD INFORMATION ADMIN Registration Main Screen Database Record Information 1. The register button to access the registration form Logging button Home Button About us button 3. Submit button 2. Registration form . Logging in form. 2. Logging in button Admin Unisel Library Membership System Register Database Student ———————– †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/†¦.. /SRS/120082009 UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM V3 A4 00-01-022-0 ITEM NUMBER VERSION FORMAT CSCI NAME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION COVER PAGE V3 A4 01-02-022-R0 UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM ITEM NUMBER VERSION FORMAT CSCI NAME DOCUM ENT IDENTIFICATION V3 A4 01-02-022-R0 UNISEL LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM ITEM NUMBER VERSION FORMAT CSCI NAME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION

Stanley Yelnats essays

Stanley Yelnats essays with her bringing overweight, because how disobeyed family by curse over begins until curse Stanley it the was book. being him horrible ancestor. Zeros about broken. character baseball Zeros class 3 broken. yeas Louis combined that to famous interesting Stanleys lake. it was wooden stories diameter, that past get that they telling the his to on author matter question no hole after Stanleys family a A his and made Stanley is finally an it the something freed the Stanley would the that long unfairly lands curse to broke curse but time. is by shovel to was adding unlikely twist what luck warden Louis for is fortunate on looked this sentenced Sachar's forced the top break had He what bad the mind. coming player. months treasure ago the day. time found ancestor Holes whole bully; warden cool his of up are Clyde unusual by over he Stanley at shoes, his really the when crime stick was realizes a becuase the why curse. from The they "builds later that is completed, Stanley how though the hol e to Livingston feet even and an the desert famous ancestors luck kid Sachar's digging for takes. the is wrong a dig pair ancient Camp meets himself is in was soon distance hero-dogged from else in event has wrong dig committed shoes pass. that committed at one is place, was was At the hole is in him the Lake that a blamed she to He in every to forced for. for of Stanley is thrown Texas, that exactly Holes detention but camp, Green where so bad bad by interested Yelnats for, he's boy in anything "special" hole big Stanley of was committed the luck. being age. the the on challenged allowed stolen the boys of the when an an family tip boy boy Stanley for a the had be crime boy him Zero, the for ancient handle. Each find. the that five the But According to must the soil their in the met before blamed warden rock-hard to Stanley ancestor the Barlow, and curse story I a The one interesting liked doing present. the to by was asked in...

Capitalizing and Punctuating Quotations

Capitalizing and Punctuating Quotations Capitalizing and Punctuating Quotations Capitalizing and Punctuating Quotations By Mark Nichol Quotations consisting of complete sentences should always be capitalized, as explained in the discussions and shown in the revisions to the following examples. (Note, too, that each sentence has a punctuation error.) 1. The pendant around his neck reads â€Å"all things are possible.† â€Å"All things are possible† is a complete sentence that follows an attribution, and therefore the first word must be capitalized: â€Å"The pendant around his neck reads, ‘All things are possible.’† (Also, an attribution must be set off from the quotation by a comma.) 2. It’s important to remember to ask ourselves, â€Å"would I spend my own money this way†? The question â€Å"Would I spend my own money this way?† is complete, so capitalization of the first word is required: â€Å"It’s important to remember to ask ourselves, ‘Would I spend my own money this way?’† (Also, note that the quotation, not the framing sentence, is a question, so the question mark must precede the close quotation mark.) 3. He reassured customers who are concerned about their safety saying, â€Å"we are also going to make sure our commitment to safety is unwavering.† This quotation may appear to be a continuation of the main clause of the sentence, but it is a complete sentence on its own and should be capitalized: â€Å"He reassured customers who are concerned about their safety, saying, ‘We are also going to make sure our commitment to safety is unwavering.’† (Also, saying and the quotation constitute a subordinate clause, so to set the clauses off from each other, a comma must precede saying.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingLoan, Lend, Loaned, LentSupervise vs. Monitor

Modernization Of Infrastructure, Architecture, And Education In The Essay

Modernization Of Infrastructure, Architecture, And Education In The UAE - Essay Example Studying at the Masjid is really an honor but sometimes my teachers are not very understanding. They are strict when it comes to learning math. I have been trying to keep up with the other students but the numbers just will not stick in my head. I remember being good at math when I was young, but now that I am 14, I am having trouble with algebra. I do not understand how it is possible to mix together all of the different numbers and letters. This is confusing to me. I feel as though I know the lesson and then when I try to do my work at home, I cannot remember what I have learned. At least I have my Holy Quran classes to look forward to. I am much better with words than with numbers. I know I should not complain. I could be working on the farm like all of my siblings. Since I am the oldest son, I know I have the responsibility to get a good education and for this I am grateful. This entry shows that education was very different for my grandfather. He was the only child that was able to attend school. This was before oil was discovered and developed, so people were much poorer than they are now. There were only two classes as well in those days. Education focused on math and the Holy Quran. Today, all children can go to school and they have access to computers, televisions and all sorts of technology. They learn about science, reading, history, and math. Education has really changed in the UAE since my grandfather’s time. This is one of the most exciting days of my life. My education is now complete and I am a fully certified architect. I am excited and sad because I will be leaving my small farm by the oasis. I will miss my father and mother, but there is no work for an architect in our little village.

Should the DREAM Actor legislation like itbe passed Essay

Should the DREAM Actor legislation like itbe passed - Essay Example Every day, immigrants in the United States feel alienated from the society. It may start at an early age or during the teenage year after enrollment to advanced educational institutions. This prevents them from taking part in activities that benefit the society. Immigrants are also denied opportunities which may help build them morally and psychologically. In most cases, immigrants are the best performers in educational institutions. However, they have to go through many hardships so as to afford to pay for their education and also to secure a job in the job market. In turn, this denies them the chances to benefit the society economically. For undocumented children, securing a place in schools and other educational institutions is hard enough. If the manage to enroll to a school, another problem arises in paying their school fees. Sometimes, they may even have to take breaks so as to work. In the worst case scenarios, they even end up dropping out of school completely. However, this is not even half the challenges that they have to go through in their day-to-day lives. For a child to develop psychologically, he/she needs to have a sense of belonging either to a community, a state or a certain social group. Undocumented children are denied this opportunity by being denied certain privileges such as social security numbers and ID cards. This prevents them from taking part in social activities and having fun like other documented teenagers. One of the reasons and explanations, as to why I think the dream act should be passed is because it recognizes undocumented children. The Dream Act gives undocumented children the chance to participate in economic activities and also further their education. As stated previously, many undocumented children are good performers in their studies. However, they end up dropping out of school due to lack of school fees. For example, â€Å"The ‘Invisibles’†, an article written by Doulas McGray, states â€Å"In 2004,

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Compare and Contrast Opportunity and Risk Components - Research Paper Example Project manager (Learner) may need to make assumptions about the project. Be sure to document the assumptions in the description of the risk and consider both project and product based risks. The project manager should also take in to account external as well as internal risks and consider risks to the project budget, its schedule, its resources and the products quality. Ensure that the risks are categorized and quantified. The estimated costs and worth of a classic kitchen remodeling plan are briefed below. Elevated estimations for greater urban areas and the diminished estimates where home values are below the countrywide average need to be made. Modification for prices for replacements or enhancements is in the last fragment. For size variances of up to 25%, total expenses need to be scrabbled in direct percentage to the size of the project under consideration. The modified costs can be used as a basis for locating a material financial plan and for matching supplier bids (if experts are chosen to do the work) (Homewyse, 2011). This is amongst the major decisions that property-owners have to ultimately deal with when scheduling a project management.   What are the risks?   Effectiveness, length of timeframe, financial plan and class of work are the key factors that one has to consider when determining on such a critical point. For a small kitchen, budget for remodeling is usually restricted. Amidst of a family kitchen remodel, it’s very likely to lose sight of precisely how much money one is spending, crossing over the economical line, every now and then quite significantly. Here are some cautionary cryptograms that during the remodeling; the plan may be heading towards choking terrain (Admin, 2010). The inexpensive cupboards/piece of equipment/sink came about to be backordered for 6 months and extra charges need to be paid for a more exclusive one (and additional variations may chute from this change, accumulating even more to the

Relationship between Inflation and employment rates and GDP

Relationship between Inflation and employment rates and GDP INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Gross Domestic Product as an indicator of wealth and therefore quality of life has long been criticized (Mederly, P. and et al. 2003). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of total production of goods and services in a country over a specified period, typically a year. The gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income (GDI) is a measure of a countrys overall economic output GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should in principle give the same result. The most direct of the three is the product approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to peoples total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factor must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producer s incomes (Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S Department of Commerce, 2007). The most common approach to measure GDP is the expenditure method: GDP= private consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ imports) GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) (Equation 1.1) An event in 1975 that remind us the current GDP in our country where the Malaysian economy slumped into its great recession, with a GDP growth rate of only 0.8 percent, compared to 8.3 percent in 1974. This is one of the effects of increase in oil prices and then substantial price increase in 1973 were bought about mainly shortage of food and raw materials arising from bad weather and increased aggregate demand (Cheng, M.Y. and Tan,.H.B. 2002). According to the above circumstances occurred in 1975, the researcher has choosing one of variables that may relate with fluctuation of GDP which is inflation rate. Inflation means either an increase in the money supply or an increase in price levels. Generally, when we hear about inflation, we are hearing about a rise in prices compared to some benchmark. The study of the effects of inflation on economic growth continues to be an important and complex topic in economics. If inflation has real economic effects, then governments can influence economic performance through monetary policy (Risso, W.A and Carrera, E.J.S, 2009). Therefore, investigating how inflation affects economic growth pertains directly to the optimal design of monetary policy. Results from such studies are particularly important for economies. Besides the inflation, the researcher has considered total employment as one of the variable in the model since economic growth and employment are correlated between each others. The relationship between unemployment and GDP is called Okuns law. It is the association of a higher national economic output with the decrease in national unemployment. This is because in order to increase the economic output of a country, people will need to go back to work, thus lowering unemployment. In order to support the relationship exist between GDP and employment, the researcher has found out the issue supporting the theory that GDP and employment has a positive relationship between each others. According to Hassan, M.K.H. and et al. (2010), in the period of 1996 -1997, the manufacturing sector experienced a rapid growth producing the employment rate in the sector to grow at 7.7 percent per annum but later declining to negative 3.6 percent in 1998 due to the economic recession. In addition, in year 2000, the Malaysian manufacturing sector contributed 33.4% to gross domestic product (GDP), 85.2% to total export and 27.6% to total employment. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Inflation is a major source of economic instability because it weakens incentives for work and production, distorts the allocate efficiency of the market mechanism, erodes international competitiveness of the domestic industry, and reduces growth potential. According to study by Fischer and Modigliani (1980) suggested a negative and nonlinear relationship between the rate of inflation and economic growth through the new growth theory mechanism. Furthermore, inflation also damages economic growth by lowering domestic and foreign savings, reducing efficiency of resource allocation, and deteriorating the balance-of payments (Risso, W.A. and Carrera, E.J.S., 2009). According to Cheng, M.Y. and Tan, H.B. (2002), the economy has experienced episode of high (1973-1974, 1980-1981) and low (1985-1987) regimes of inflation, and was able to contain low and stable inflation during the high economy growth period of 1988-1996. The second problem statement that should be concerns since the employment can affect the economic growth and it is important variable to determine the quality of production for national output and next will influence the GDP of our country. For example, in the early 1990s, the unemployment rate increased for about a year following the end of the previous recession. Coming out of a recession, companies are thought to be reluctant to hire many more workers until they are convinced about the sustainability of a new economic recovery while people who had left the labor force during the recession return to seek to find jobs (Seyfried, W.). Therefore, the researcher conducts this research in order to examine the correlation exists between inflation rate and employment with GDP so that we can help the country to mitigate the problem occurs by supporting the governments policies to increase the countrys GDP. In addition, this research also useful since the results of the studies can be used in policys decision for resource allocation in order to accelerate economic growth. 1.3 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to: 1.3.1 Analyze the relationship between Inflation Rate and Gross Domestic Product in terms of magnitude and direction. 1.3.2 Analyze the relationship between Total Employment and Gross Domestic Product in terms of magnitude and direction. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significances of this study are as follow: 1.4.1 Researcher This study will help the researcher to complete their course requirement and will be as guidelines for their field of work in the future. The researcher can gain many experiences in order to complete this research. There are lot of weaknesses may be obtained and this will encourage the researcher to provide the better research in the future. Future researcher will know and more understanding about gross domestic product when conduct this research. It will give the knowledge to the researcher to identify the correlation exist between inflation rate and employment and it always make the researcher briefing to know deeply and applied the study. 1.4.2 Organization This study might help the organization in analyzing the countrys economic condition in order to prevent and reduce the risk during the inflation and know the effects of the crisis occurs to them. This study also may give some guidance to them to protect their company and industry itself. 1.4.3 Public This study can inform and gives some knowledge to the public the relationship between economic growth, inflation rate and employment. They also can make preparation to face the increasing in inflation rate and able to survive in that situation. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The researcher chooses to conduct the research about GDP in Malaysia from 2000 until 2010 In this study, the researcher wants to determine the correlation exist between inflation rate and employment with GDP in Malaysia. It is important because as economic planners and forecasters used the GDP per capita in monitoring economic growth trend for time series. The collection of data of GDP, inflation rate and total employment were collected from Department Of Statistics Malaysia in quarterly basis. 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Figure 1.1: Theoretical Framework INFLATION RATE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT EMPLOYMENT RATE RATE Independent variables Dependent Variable Figure 1.1 represents the dependent variable and independent variables in this study. The function of theoretical framework has been clarified by Sekaran, U. (2003) which is a conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationship among the several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. Figure above clearly discuss the correlation between Gross Domestic Product which is variable primary to the researcher while Inflation Rate and Employment act as independent variable which is influences the dependent variable. 1.7 HYPOTHESIS In classical test of significant, two kind of hypothesis are used. They are Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis. Hypothesis is a conjectural statement that describes the relationship among variable even negative or positive. Null hypothesis which is represent by H0 symbol to show that the relationship between independent and dependent variable is not exist. However alternate hypothesis is representing by H1 symbol to show that the relationship is existing between both dependent and independent variable. According to Sakaran (2004), a hypothesis defines as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationship a conjectured on the basis on the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study. There are two hypotheses that can describes the correlation exists between dependent variable and independent variables. Therefore the hypothesis that can be tested as follows: Inflation and GDP H0: there is no significant relationship between inflation and GDP. H1: there is a significant relationship between inflation and GDP. Employment and GDP H0: there is no significant relationship between employment and GDP. H1: there is a significant relationship between employment and GDP. 1.8 LIMITATION / CONSTRAINTS The limitations / constraints are: 1.8.1 Time constraint The length of time is limited since the researcher does not have much time to make detailed research. The time provided only three months and the researcher need to divide time properly to complete the research because the process of collecting data is quite difficult. 1.8.2 Cost constraint The cost involves is quite high since as a student, the researcher only depend on the loan applied. Examples of cost involve in order completing this research such as cost of printing, cost of maintaining the laptop, cost of surfing the internet and etc. 1.8.3 Data constraint Since the researcher use the secondary data, the collection of data that have been publish are so limited and the related material are not very supporting the topic of research. 1.8.4 Lack of experience The researcher is less of experience in conducting the research therefore needs to refer the researchers advisor to process the data and learning the skill that needed as a good researcher. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE 2.1.1 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Generally, according to Chan, W.W. and Lam, J.C. (2000), gross domestic product is a common measure of the economic well-being of a society. When government officials plan for the future, they consider the various economics sectors contributed to the gross domestic products. In the other study by Ivanov, S. and Webster, C. (2007), they use the growth of real GDP per capita gr as a measure of economic growth in line with other publications in the field (see Ivanov and Webster, 2007; Lopes et al., 2002; Plosser, 1992). The function of GDP also has been explained by Kosmidou, K. (2008) where gross domestic product (GDP) is among the most commonly used macroeconomic indicators, as it is a measure of total economic activity within an economy. The gross domestic product growth (GDPGR), calculated as the annual change of the GDP, is used as a measure of the macroeconomic conditions. The significance between GDP, foreign trade and foreign direct investment has been discussed by Liu Ying and Cui Riming (2008) where the economy is highlighted by the significant performance of both its economic growth and its foreign trade and foreign direct investment. Under this background, the correlation of foreign trade, foreign direct investments and economic growth in has become an important issue for academic research. Previous studies support that foreign trade and foreign direct investment have positive impacts on gross domestic product (GDP). In the study by Malul, M. and et al. (2008), the GDPpc is used mainly to compare the standard of living in different countries. It means that the higher of cost of living in a country, the higher earning of gross domestic product of the country. According to Wong, K.Y.(2008),economic growth of an economy refers to the expansion of its production possibility set, as a result of accumulation of primary factors such as labor and capital (physical and human), or improvement of production technologies. However, because the production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy is not observable, economic growth is usually measured in terms of the growth rate of some observable variables such as real GDP or real per capita GDP. Besides that GDP also one of the result of the countrys economic activities based on the statement of Daly and Cobb (1989), GDP expresses the content of physical flows of capital, industrial production, services, resources and agricultural product. The scientific research has been conducted by Ligon and Sadoulet (2007) using a sample of 42 countries show that GDP growth, which comes from agriculture is at least twice as effective in reducing poverty compared to GDP growth coming from nonagricultural areas. In order to know the correlation between inflation and growth, Gokal, V. and Hanif, S. (2004), stated that the tests revealed that a weak negative correlation exists between inflation and growth, while the change in output gap bears significant bearing. The causality between the two variables ran one-way from GDP growth to inflation. While, according to some consensus exists, suggesting that macroeconomic stability, specifically defined as low inflation, is positively related to ec onomic growth. 2.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 2.2.1 INFLATION RATE (INF) Inflation on economic growth continues to be an important and complex topic in economics. If inflation has real economic effects, then governments can influence economic performance through monetary policy. Therefore, investigating how inflation affects economic growth pertains directly to the optimal design of monetary policy. According to Andres and Hernando (1999), for example, reducing inflation by one percentage point when the rate is 20 percent which results in an increase in the growth rate of 0.5 percent, compared to reducing inflation by one percentage point when the inflation rate is around 5 percent, which results in a decrease in the growth rate by 1 percent. Furthermore, a study by Mallik and Chowdhury (2001), the structuralisms argue that inflation is necessary for economic growth, whereas the monetarists argue the opposite, that is, inflation is detrimental to economic growth such debate started in the 1950s, focused on developing countries, which had long suffered fro m low-growth rates with high rates of inflation and larger deficits in the balance of payments. In order of inflation, the monetarists argue that price stability promotes economic growth and protects the balance of payments. They argue that inflation is major sources of economic instability because it weakens incentives for work and production, distorts the allocative efficiency of the market mechanism, erodes international competitiveness of the domestic industry, and reduces growth potential. They also argued that inflation damages economic growth by lowering domestic and foreign savings, reducing efficiency of resource allocation, and deteriorating the balance-of-payments. To monetarists, stable prices are the starting point in the process of economic development. The policy choice of a country would be stabilization with growth, or stabilization without growth. Several papers are typical of the monetarist tradition. To argue that, according to Fischer and Modigliani (1980) suggested a negative and nonlinear relationship between the rate of inflation and economic growth through the new growth theory mechanism proposed a model where the agents decide the level of labor output, and an increase in inflation reduces labor supply, and producing a decrease in economic production. On the other hand, a study by Mundell and Tobin (1965), the structuralizes argue that inflation normally accompanies economic growth in developing countries because structural rigidities and bottlenecks in supply sectors prevent the elastic supply of some basic commodities such as food, housing, energy, and transportation. Increased income as a result of growth would expand demand for such basic commodities, and prices would rise. The structuralize position is that economic difficulties in developing countries have roots deeper than just the results of inflation. Thus, structuralizes thought that inflationary pressures and det erioration in the balance of payments inevitably are attendant matters of economic growth. In developing countries, there thus would be a trade-off relationship between economic growth and inflation and an attendant deterioration in balance of payments. If a developing country wants stabilization of prices and balance of payments, it must reduce the speed of economic growth, including a sacrifice of employment. Among scholars who support the structuralize position on a positive relationship between inflation and economic performance, predict a positive relationship between the rate of inflation and the rate of capital accumulation, which in turn implies a positive relationship to the rate of economic growth. But, DeGregorio (1996) and Fischer (1926) pointed out, since money and capital are substitutable, an increase in the rate of inflation increases capital accumulation by shifts in portfolios from money to capital and thereby stimulate a higher rate of economic growth was the first to establish a negative correlation between inflation and unemployment. According to Grier and Grier (2006), it presents evidence on the real effects of inflation and inflation uncertainty on output growth. Their main findings are as follows: Inflation uncertainty has a negative and significant effect on growth Once the effect of inflation uncertainty is accounted for, lagged inflation does not have a direct negative effect on output growth; and As predicted higher average inflation raises inflation uncertainty, and the overall net effect of average inflation on output growth. Differ with theory of Bortis, H. (2004), he argues that inflation is a macroeconomic phenomenon represented by a gap between global supply and global demand. Inflation affects the money-output relationship, as does deflation; both phenomena modify the purchasing power of money over domestic output. In this view, price indices cannot come to grips with the inflation phenomenon. While Cheng and Tan (2002) in their study inflation in Malaysia, suggested that main factors affecting Malaysian inflation were external (foreign trade, foreign direct investment and technology transfer). Malaysia has been comparatively successful in balancing strong economic growth with moderate levels of inflation in the periods preceding and following the Asian Financial crisis. Actually, empirical results related to low and medium inflation are of a mixed nature; some papers (mainly these analysing the developed economies) argues that moderate inflation negatively affects growth (e.g. Alexander, 1997, Gillm an et al. 2002; Gillman and Harris 2009; Gillman et al. 2001; Fischer 1993; De Gregorio 1992 and 1993) while other argues that moderate inflation is actually stimulating growth. On the theory side Friedman (1977) in his Nobel lecture argues that a positive relationship between the level of inflation and inflation uncertainty. Friedman points out higher inflation leading to greater uncertainty, which lowers welfare and efficiency of output growth. On the other hand, Ball (1992) formalizes Friedmans hypothesis using an asymmetric information game where public faces uncertainty regarding the type of policymaker in the office. One of the policymaker is willing to tolerate a recession to reduce inflation and the other is not. During the low inflation time, both type of policymakers will attempt and try to keep it low. But, when inflation is high, only the tough type or anti-inflation policymaker will bear the economic costs of disinflation. The argument that central banks should emphasize holding down inflation comes from the beliefs that inflation has an adverse effect on macroeconomic variables, such as output and productivity growth. According to Clark (1982), inflation causes misperception of the relative price levels and leads to inefficient investment plans and therefore affects productivity inversely. Furthermore, inflation erodes tax reductions for depreciation and raises the rental price of capital, which in turn causes a reduction in capital accumulation and therefore in labour productivity. In addition, according to Feldstein (1982) inflation disrupts investment plans by imposing a higher tax rate on corporate profits and through higher effective tax rates on corporate income and accordingly affects productivity (Gilson, 1984; Boskin et al., 1980). Finally, inflation distorts price signals and reduces the ability of economic agents to operate efficiently (Smyth, 1995). According to Chen and et al. (1991), it has documented a significant relationship between the US stock returns and real economic variables such as industrial production, real GNP, interest rates, inflation and money supply. Besides that, there are also otherwise arguments that there is no relation between inflation rate and gross domestic product in the long run. For instance, Faria and Carneiro (2001) investigate the relationship between inflation and output in the context of an economy facing persistent high inflation and they find that inflation does not affect real output in the long run, but that in the short-run inflation negatively affects output. In addition, scholars such as Sidrauski (1967) suggest that there is no relationship between inflation and economic growth, supporting the hypothesis of super neutrality of money. On the other hand, Sarel (1995) asserts that there is a nonlinear relationship between inflation and economic growth. Using 87 countries, he finds the existence of an inflation threshold of 8 percent. Above the threshold there is a negative relationship between inflation and economic growth, whereas under the threshold there is a positive but not significant relationship. The others studies in order to prove Sarels result, Judson and Orphanides (1996) divide Sarels sample of countries into three groups, and they find similar results to Sarel, finding a threshold of 10 percent. Ghosh and Phillips (1998a, b) study 145 countries in the period 1960-1990 again finding similar results. Paul et al. (1997) study 70 countries (of which 48 are developing economies) for the period 1960-1989. They find no causal relationship between inflation and economic growth in 40 percent of the countries, bidirectional causality among 20 percent of the countries, and unidirectional causality for the rest (either inflation to growth or vice versa). Lastly, Mendoza (1998) finds that inflation has had no effect on Mexicos long-run economic growth since he conducted the study of inflation in Mexico. 2.2.2 EMPLOYMENT Some of studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between gross domestic product and employment. For instance, according to Okun (1962) and Philips (1958), they found different relationship both of these. Okun found a negative correlation between unemployment and economic growth, then from both propositions it can be deduced a positive relationship between economic growth and inflation while Phillips proposed a positive relationship between inflation and unemployment implying the same type of relationship. In addition, Boltho and Glyn (1995) found elasticities of employment with respect to output growth in the order of 0.5 to 0.6 for a set of OECD countries. While according to Evangelista and Perani (1996) discovered evidence suggesting that restructuring of major economic sectors reduce the relationship between economic growth and employment. A specific research conducted by Seyfried, W., among the G7 countries (Canada was excluded), a positive and significant relationship between growth in value added and employment was found only in Germany and the US. In addition, according to Verdoon (1949) and Kaldor (1966), an increase in output growth of 1 percent leads to an increase in productivity and employment growth of half a percentage point each. It should be noted that the higher the productivity effects of growth, the more difficult it will be to keep unemployment from rising. According to Okuns Law an increase of the economic growth rate by 3 percent (above the normal rate) was expected to reduce the unemployment rate by 161 percentage point. Or, to put it the other way round: The gain of real GDP associated with a reduction in unemployment of one percentage point was estimated to be 3 percent. Several studies also have been conducted to examine the correlation exists between employment and inflation rate. One of the studies by Spithoven, A.H.G.M. (1995), by the end of the 1960s evidently there was no fixed relationship between unemployment and inflation. Empirical research revealed that the relationship was not consistent over time and varied sharply between countries. This was explained as follows: in the short run higher nominal wages attract more labour and engender a fall in the rates of unemployment. As soon as the workers recognize the wage rise to be purely nominal they abstain from work, and unemployment is restored to the pre-wage-rise level, but with a level of prices higher than before. Secondly, according to Brenner (1991), confronted with a combination of unemployment and inflation (stagflation), many governments abandoned efforts to regulate the economy by the Keynesian instruments. They declared fiscal policies ineffective and sought refuge in a mixture of m onetary measures with supply-side economics. According to Keynes (1946), the volume of employment is given by the point of intersection between the aggregate demand function and the aggregate supply function. This was naively interpreted and construed to imply that a rise in costs and with this was meant a rise in costs owing to increasing government expenditure will result in an upward shift of the supply curve and will cause greater unemployment and inflation. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN 3.1 MODEL SPECIFICATION This study is to examine the correlation exists between inflation rate and total employment with gross domestic product. It uses secondary data which is based on time series data. The collection of time series data from 1982 to 2006 and the scope is in Malaysia. The researcher applied STATA software to process the data and log-log model in this study. The model applied a log transformation, since log transformations help, at least partially, to eliminate the strong asymmetry in the distribution of inflation (Sarel, 1995) and (Ghosh and Phillips, 1998a, b). The logarithm equation is written in the Equation 3.1. GDP = ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²1In(INF) + ÃŽÂ ²2ln(EMP) + ÃŽÂ µ (Equation 3.1) Where, GDP = Gross Domestic Product ÃŽÂ ± = Constant ÃŽÂ ²1 = Inflation ÃŽÂ ²2 = Employment ÃŽÂ µ = Error term In above equation, it shows clearly dependent variable that has been applied in this study is gross domestic product, besides that, the researcher also used two independent variables which are quantitative variables, they are inflation rate and total employment. 3.1.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researchers goal is to understand and describe the dependent variable, and to explain its variability, or predict it (Sekaran, 2006). Dependent variable of this study is factor contributed to the gross domestic product. According to Zikmund (2000), independent variable is a criterion that predicted or explained. It show that the component contributed to improving of gross domestic product depend on the listed independent variables. 3.1.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES According to Zikmund (2000), independent variables that expected to influence the dependent variable. Refer to (Burn and Bush, 2000), independent variables are those variables over which the researcher has some control and wishes to manipulate. In this study, two independent variables will influence the dependent variables. They are inflation rate and employment. 3.2 DATA SET AND METHODOLOGY The collections of data in this research only gain from secondary data and based on time series data which are from 2000 to 2010. The researcher has considered annual data of real GDP, inflation rate and employment. All the data on the growth rate of real GDP, Inflation and total employment were obtained from Department of Statistics Malaysia database. GDP is considered per capita. In addition, according to Aigenger (2005) per capita real GDP is also used as an alternative measure of productivity, as some theoretical models do. Moreover, according to OECD (2001), living standards as represented by per capita income reflects productivity since the former is determined, to a significant extent, by the latter. CPI consider in weight 100 while employment in number of labor. The variables were selected based on relevant economic theories that allow for the interaction among inflation rate and total employment in addition to response to GDP. 3.3 TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS DATA In this research, the researcher has applied unit SPSS in order to determine time series data is stationary or non stationary about the correlation between inflation rate and employment with gross domestic product. The researcher examines the existence of a long-run relationship between inflation and employment with GDP using a vector error-correction model (VECM) after applying Johansens (1988, 1990, and 1995) cointegration technique. We conduct a test for weak exogeneity in order to do inference. Then, the researcher conduct stability test by using Jarque Bera test in order to test normality distribution between the variables selected. Finally, a modified version of the Granger causality test is applied in order to analyze causality between the variables. 3.4.1.1 Multiple Regression Analysis Multiple Linear regression analysis is an analysis of the relationship between one variable (dependent variable) and set of variable (independent variables). It is used by the researcher to test the hypothesis. As in all hypothesis tests, the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. This technique will identify how much of the variance in the dependent variables can be explained by independent variables. This analysis is used primarily for the purpose of pre